Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Life In Nazi Germany Essay
It was a lovely day in Hamburg Germany; people are doing their own work and the children are attending at school. It was an ordinary day in Germany. There was equality in different kinds of people. Religion and Culture is not issue to people living in this state.            It was February 1, 1933 in Hamburg Germany. The story of my life that was dream became a historical nightmare to people living in this country. Pure German are the highest and royalty living in Germany. And Jews are the low class in the state they were being set aside of the Germany community.            I am Herbert David and this is a story of my life when this historical war began. I remember it was yesterday, a 13 year old boy skinny, fair complexion like other German child, tall and dark hair. I like spending my time reading book about heroic soldiers and playing my aircraft plane. I go to school and go to Church every Sunday. Some times, i just fool around with my two friends Randy and Ryan. They were my best of friends in my hometown.            My father’s name is Micael who’s a professional teacher teaching history downtown. He is tall, dark hair and he loves to teach children about the freedom of choice. My father is a very kind and lovable to children. He doesn’t push my sister and i to a certain thing that we don’t want to do.            My mother’s name is Julie who a homemaker is preparing the needs of the family. A simple mother making sure that everyone is in good health. I have two sisters namely; Julianna, six years old the youngest in the family. She loves hugging everyone and makes each of the family members to smile everyday. Rachel ten year old who loves my mother’s cooking and maybe she wanted to learn cooking because she loves eating a lot.            My two best friends; Randy loves writing about his feeling in a way of poetry and writing fictional stories that talks about life his a Jewish want to be a professional writer. Ryan in the other hand loves to play his favorite toy aircraft and wants to be a professional pilot when he grows up. While for me, I just want to be my father who teaches in school sharing experiences in life and give my thoughts to the young people who will be the next in line in life. Providing my family what they needed and make my father proud that I take his footstep as a teacher. I love children because I have two lovable sisters. And I want to be a good example to them and make my family proud of me. Randy, Ryan and I were under the tree near in my house sharing all the thoughts and dreams when we grow up. We were laughing in Ryan’s jokes about having a family someday. And I don’t want to have a family yet I just want to make my family proud in what my goal is. My two friends and I went to home it’s almost time for supper and my mother is shouting it’s time for supper so we had to be separate ways and wave goodbye to each other.            My simple life in Germany changed when my family and I heard the news in the radio. A new Chancellor is designated in the country. Germany is a nation that is its history never experience in democracy. This state is in great depression with not enough food and people were jobless. The new chancellor’s name Adolf Hitler; he is also called the Nazi party as the Fuhrer.            Like a god they are marching and shouting hail to the fuhrer as they welcome Adolf in the new position he was assigned. At first he didn’t promise any thing he said he doesn’t want to make cheap promises but later part as he ruled Germany in his second speech he said â€Å" I will employ my strength for the welfare of the German†.            My Father was telling me that time that people are poor because of the promises of the previous chancellors. They make promises but because of the personal ambition they set aside the people to employ those were jobless. Adolf Hitler as I think will change all of it and make Germany a better place for people who live in it. My family was doubtful to this new Fuhrer but for my side i was happy due to Adolf’s promise and a striking moment that he will not make cheap promises.            I was amaze to this person that he wants to organize the nation as one. How amazing thinking that people will not be hungry and people have jobs to provide the peoples needed. But time passes by and Hitler’s promises changed to built new army and weapons. I was shocked when my friend randy and his family were taken away by the storm troopers.            The ordinance is to prison all the Jewish people because they were not pure race as Germans. His father was beating to death and psychological beating. The soldier is telling Randy’s father how to put the rope if he wants to kill his self. Randy’s father replied â€Å"i have a family and I will not kill myself because you want me to do†the soldier just gave the sausage and pretzel and left the father in the concentration camp. They were release after a year the Jewish and the social diplomat.            But time passes by and Hitler’s promises changed to build the new army of his own and weapons for the country. A dictatorship and army was the 1st in Hitler’s priority before the people. It was a massive destruction in Germany as Hitler’s mind became evil and ambitious. It was April 1, 1933, the stores of the Jews boycott by the storm trooper’s of Hitler. They said it was the will of the Fuhrer and it must be done. But the boycott was ended for a day.            I was a kid seeing how Adolf ruined a simple place to a nightmare. Even the books of Jews were burned by the storm troopers the other army was disgusted what the storm trooper did. They even killed 800 Jews the night of the Broken Glass were Jewish building was bombed. The government was changed when Paul von Hindenburg was assigned Adolf Hitler as one of the chancellor. One of Hitler’s comrade; Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary â€Å"By appointing Hitler Chancellor of the Reich you have handed over our sacred German Fatherland to one of the greatest demagogues of all time. I prophesy to you this evil man will plunge our Reich into the abyss and will inflict immeasurable woe on our nation. Future generation will curse you in your grave for this action†. And it was true Adolf rule Germany as his comrade predicted. Adolf Hitler maybe a dictator but he did come up to employ people they called it employment skim by opening an autobahn in Germany. People haven’t felt the inflation slowly rise but they didn’t mind. Germany was over in Adolf Hitler’s hand and as for my opinion I don’t want to stay Hitler in the position of ruling the state because there were no more peace in the country people are killing people and there no more equality in to it. I as German should be with German friend not half race like my friend randy. I was sad about what happen to Randy and his family they were hiding to the Nazi.  How his father was treated by the soldier I was fortunate and Ryan because we were Pure German. My family was treated as they were royalty and they were respectable. German People was brain wash as Adolf Hitler’s was the Chancellor of Germany. Even the Children were involved in Adolf Hitler’s creating a perfect world in Germany. First, the disable unborn was killed because they don’t want in perfect person in their country. They doctor’s will write an x in the document of a certain child and they will inject methyl to kill the unborn child. But they will put in the document that the child had a certain disease or the child cannot be alive due to a sickness.            After those killings, the second was the children age 2 and up that is disabling. The army will talk to a certain family like in Ryan’s family he has a sister age 5 years old and his mother was in the hospital dropping Ryan’s sister for treatment but after an hour the doctor said that Ryan’s sister died due to a certain sickness. It was so horrible that even the children were in Adolf’s propaganda in his perfect world and perfect people. Ryan and his family cannot do any thing because if we disobey the fuhrer we might be killed or abandoned in my country.            Ryan’s father was a German soldier he was telling me that when they oath in Adolf’s Hitler and they were raising their arms he felt that this is no turning back because when we displease the fuhrer we maybe killed like the bombing of the apartment of the Jewish. He said that we are â€Å"master race†it means German should rule than others.             I called Hitler as the most evil leaders in the world because of what he did to my country and my friends. He treated the other race like a small little ant that he can squash it. He maybe created a new German revolution but it’s nightmare to my child’s eye and for the people in Germany. I was scared and turn down my belief to Hitler’s vision for Germany. It’s sad that this intelligent man can do all the horrible things like this.             Discriminating and making Germany suffer to his own ambitious way. Adolf Hitler gave employment by opening the Autobahn but yet his visions to rein other borders are destroying Germany and people’s lives. They were dying because they risk their lives just to give what the fuhrer wants to take other countries. I talked to my father regarding of my studies. I was asking permission to my father that if I finish my studies I will join the army as like Ryan’s dream becoming a pilot in Germany’s army. My father at first was furious about I was going to join in the army. He said if i want to live and see my sister alive I should be with them taking care of them. I was telling me many German armies died because of Hitler’s ambition in Germany. But i told my father not to be bothered just trust in my idea. I want to join German army to change for the better. I want to help but not killing people that is not my race. I want to change for the better for Germany and my family. I want to protect my family because I heard from other people even German races kills because they disobey the will of the Fuhrer. I want to protect my mother and my two sisters to this evil man. And changed it for the better I maybe wearing a German uniform but it don’t mean I’m a follower of the fuhrer. I will use my power as German army to help people that are discriminated the other German army, don’t know how will I can change Germany in my own way but I’ll try to change the system by doing good deeds in a small way. If ever I see some Jewish and maltreated by my comrades i will help the Jew and not discriminate the person as what I heard and saw before. I maybe a child as of know but hopefully in my goal I will provide the changes of the system of the government in a small way first. After that I will be a soldier as Ryan’s father to protect people not the government.            I didn’t finish my studies due to the problem of the country. Jews were taken away and there was no equality. I decided to join the army. Though I really want is to teach but the fuhrer wants that all pure German man must obey to join the army because of some soldiers were dying in warship. My sister Julianna joined in this group called the amazons. They are displaying their nude bodies to the German officials and guest of the fuhrer.             As my observation it’s just a feast for the eyes of the guest. They said they do the pageant because they were displaying what god created so women are naked. Pure German Women can only married the German Man because of Hitler’s ambitious of a perfect nation. It’s a celebration for women to display their naked bodies riding horses. They were called Madam as a higher class woman. I was looking at my sister but I can’t do anything for her. If I disobey Hitler I will be dead the next day or even shot that day of the event.            All I can do is look at my sister and in side my conscience I was furious and mad. I don’t want what I’m seeing it because men where having pleasured by eyes looking at my sister’s naked body. I must focused and just to forget that event. After the event, fireworks were displayed in the sky but they didn’t mind the fireworks but the women that have been displayed awhile ago. People were praising Hitler because he was taking over Germany. I was in the German Sixth Army Forces in early months of 1941. Hitler’s objectives to other borders were have direct access to the Middle East and be able to have the military capability to sweep Northward behind Soviet lines to Moscow. It was bloody war with the German army and the Russia in that year. I was scared for myself giving my life to Hitler that he just thinks of his ambition to the Germany. I reminisce when I was a kid that all I want to is to become a teacher and a soldier just to changed the rules in Hitler’s era I was wrong how can I help the people if I’m here fighting another border just to please the Fuhrer. My commander General Friedrich Paulus was the one leading the army for Hitler’s presents. We were carried to the borders of Moscow and Leningrad. It was called the â€Å"Operation of Barbarossa†. In summer of 1942 the main target was the oil fields of the Caucasus to gain the full mobility if we can gain the oil resources. Then a report came in the Hitler’s changed his mind and he ordered us that part of the army will have to occupy to siege of Stalingrad. To divert the attack Hitler derelict the Caucasus Campaign that has a good chance of the army to win. In August 23, 1942 precisely 18:00 hours thousand of airplanes drop bombs on Stalingrad. In that city there were 600,000 people. Stalingrad was heavily hit by air attack; one raid of 600 planes started enormous fires and killed 40,000 civilians. We reached the Volga and Stalingrad and the soviet and the German fought for a long, we were bulging house to house battle for the city. Occupied Russian was fervent it was in the street and factory; building was still standing but destroyed. We won the territory my commander was over-whelming about the result using the fire power. We won that day and stay for the night some of the soldiers were hurt in the fight we have the medical but it will not last for long because the next day we were ordered to take down Stalingrad. To smash the enemy forces intense. Occupy the town and block the land communications between Ron and the Volga. It was a long urban shred strung out along the west bank of the Volga. Hitler was really determined to capture the major manufactured center and the communications system of the southern Russia. We were happy and drunken because as we know we settle the borders of Stalingrad. Some are jumping in the trucks, playing mouth organs and shouting like madmen.         I was drunk and yet I’m not that contented because I was thinking of my family in Hamburg. I was exhausted and seeing some of my associate was killed because of this. I was drunk not because of the war but forgetting the dreadful memories of the associates that was killed in this war. It was flashing back; they were crying for help some lost their fingers because of the fight or even their legs. I just lie down in the road and just close my eyes. The next day, war started all over. Russian attempts to annihilate the German armies between the Rivers of the Don and the Volga. The commander of the Soviet gives a note to the Soviet armies to not turn back in the German Army. It’s a battle of two borders and we were fighting for Hitler. We were shouting hail Adolf! We were killing lots of Soviet armies but they were estimated by 1 million men. November 19 the massive assault, under General Zhukov attacked in German flanks. Within 5 days they had executed a pincer group that 250,000 to 300,000 Germans and satellite troops. Hitler forbade Commander Paulus from attempting to split out to the German location was hopeless. The Russian Climate added to our worries because it is very chilly in the border. Some of my troops we slowly froze and we ran out of ammunition. I was terrified because I maybe the next to my troops grave. We were starved because of lack in food so my commander said that those who cannot battle will not provide food and starved them to death just to survive in the border. And for those who are still can fight will take the rations I was in the side of can fight and I can see the eyes of those who are wounded the pain and the hunger. They were crying and asking for food and medical attention but were in the battlefield and Hitler didn’t give any supplies to support the armies. The supplies were dropping an average of 70 tons of supplies throughout December. The needed minimum of the supplies we needed is 300 tons a day so we lack of supplies so some of the wounded troops are dying because my commander is letting them die due to lack of food. We were put on 1/3 rations and began to kill other troops that is useless and even the horses we kill and eat because of starvation. By December 7 my troops and I were living on one loaf of Bread for every five men. January 30 1943, Adolf Hitler promoted to Paulus to Field the Marshall and sent him a message reminding that no German Field Marshal had ever been captured. Hitler was clearly suggesting to my commander to commit suicide but he declined and the following day surrenders. The last of the German surrendered on the 2nd of February. The Battle for Stanlingrad was over. Over 91,000 men were captured and a further 150,000 had died during the siege my friend Ryan was been in the numbers who died in Stanlingrad. He was in the plane when the Soviet Union crashes his plane and ended his life. My commander was taken custody by the Soviet at first he hesitate to cooperate but when he heard that his friends will be executed he participate to make an appearance in the Nazi broadcasts. He told to the government officials to disobey Adolf Hitler’s commands. When Hitler watches the broadcast he orders Paulus family to prison. The troops were prisoner force to march to Siberia. About 45,000 died during the march and the prisoners in the war camps and only about 7,000 survived the war. Actually nobody knows what really the rates of the people died in Stalingrad â€Å"Patriotic War†. The Soviet Government never did release accurate casualty figures from the war. Some post-Soviet Russians have stated that Chuikov spent over one million soldier’s lives to hold the city, but that claim is almost certainly exaggerated. It was claim that Stalingrad was the bloodiest â€Å"battle†in world history. The soldiers of 6th Army who had been promised food and shelter by the Russians were not so fortunate. The Russians kept about 20,000 of them to remain as forced labor in Stalingrad to work at rebuilding the city they destroyed. We were slave after the fall of the 6th army in Stalingrad. I was so humiliated what my government done to us just to please Hitler’s ambitious ways. The rest were dispatched to numerous POW camps scattered from Siberia to Soviet Central Asia. Many died shortly after the surrender from a Typhus epidemic brought about by Lice and the unsanitary conditions experienced during the battle. Many more died of malnutrition, disease and neglect in the various prison camps run by the Soviets. Of the 90,000 who surrendered with Paulus, only 5,000 men survived to return home to Germany. Many of these men were held captive the longest by the Russians, as their release wasn’t finally secured by W. German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer until 1955. After my troops and I was release in prison i went to home in Hamburg, Germany to see my family. I had a wounded leg and it has to be cut so they have to cut my one leg. When i went home, all the structures of homes were destroyed. Bodies of men and women was all over the place and blood shed in each home. I when to see my home and so my home was destroyed i knee led and cry in front of the house. Asking god why do they have to be dead i suffered enough all i want is to be home with my family. Then after crying and crying, my little sister whispering down beneath. She said â€Å" a little help here!†. There was a door, it was the cellar i forget that we have a hiding place down beneath the house. I Budge the door and reach my little sister. I was crying and hugging her never realized the pain in my leg. And Rachel and my father was helping my mother to get out the cellar. They were dirty and with bloods. My little sister, Julianna whispered â€Å"Thank god your alive!†I was hugging my parents and my two sister. Rachel told me they hide when the Nazi army was inform by the other German that i was a traitor so they come to my house to kill my family. They were inform about it and hide under ground. The Nazi bomb the house with a tanker and fortunately they were in side the cellar. The Nazi troops thought they were all dead. I survived in the war unfortunately; I was a handicap because the doctor has to cut my leg due to the severe damage of my leg because of the war. My life changes when I have 1 leg and it’s hard to think that I have to use wheel chair for the rest of my life. In my seven years in the army I realize so many things that sometimes life is unfair for the people who followed Adolf Hitler for the reason that the fuhrer who once a leader never stand back in his own people. He let the people suffered and then follows dead due to this ambition of taking the country and the order country just for his own self and his followers. I saw many things in my seven years in the army and it was horrifying and bloody. It seems that I didn’t take the opportunity to take stand what I believed. I just followed and silent all the years I was in the troops. To my troops were in great pain, they were crying even though they were men. They don’t want to die but they just followed what Hitler said to them. They take orders and they risk their lives to please what the fuhrer wants. It’s sad to think that they all died just because of a one person.       A person that it was considered as the most evil man in the world he wanted to have a perfect country but he created massive destruction and bloody war in each part of the world. He never thinks for his countrymen but just his self and his idea of a perfect country. I don’t have my family they died in the war I was left alone after the war. My Family and I migrate in the United States and live as a American citizen. We were just an ordinary people living in San Diego California. My father who takes care of my mother because of the traumatic experience. My father stop for a while teaching because no one can take care of my mother. He never talks about the Nazi nor Hitler. In my way of thinking my father doesn’t want to talk about the event because we had lots of pain and it’s time for the healing process and forget about it. He may never tells us but we can feel what he mean even with out saying anything. My mother can’t speak due to the cut of her tongue by a Nazi soldier. They were prison in their house and the Nazi soldier thought that they cannot escape but my father told my mother and my two sister to go under the cellar. Fortunately before the tanker attack they were inside the cellar.     The Nazi though they were dead and after that they just heard people screaming and begging for help. My sister Rachel so everything that the Nazi troops killing and shooting people in head. They were shot to dead and sometimes like a deer they just shot in a long range. They were shouting â€Å"Hail Hitler! Hail to the fuhrer!†and shoot their guns to people.            My sister was covering Julianna’s ears so she cannot hear was going on out side. They were crying inside the cellar. My mother was traumatize and never speak that day. My sister Rachel was strong and brave so she was taking it in her self.  I’m pursuing what I really like and teaching children. I have been a teacher for quiet sometimes. After the war, I pursue my studies and plan for my life and for my family. Following my father’s footstep of being a teacher. I was a history teacher teaching grades school students, and hopefully i will get a master’s degree in history teaching. I want to shared my experience to people that are not aware to the story of world war 2. Giving them the idea how hard to struggle in that era and those who are heroes in that history. By sharing my life they will reflect how they were fortunate to live in a free world country. How it is difference in living Germany under Hitler’s era. How Hitler managed to conquer Germany by using military strategy. And discriminating the  other races except the Pure German races. How he kills all the civilians and sacrificing it with out any regrets or pity to the countrymen. Today, it is a peaceful environment no more massive killings and inequality even we have different cultures and raises. When I was I boy all I want is give change the better of my country but I was wrong of defending Hitler and joining his army. I thought in my mind that this man could change my poverty in Germany but I have felt the terror and horrifying things that in my mind until I die I will carry the experiences.            The people are killed because they are not the same as mine. Even my best friend Randy was in that inequality because he was a Jew. I never saw Randy after that tragic day. How is he or is he alive? One of the civilians told me a story that Randy was killed in the holocaust because he was trying to save his family. My heart was shattered because my best friends were all dead and I’m still here in this earth facing the reality in life. In those seven years, I realized that in life we cannot predict what will happen to us. We will never know if tomorrow were still alive? The learning in this historical nightmare is to appreciate every individuals and life. We have to stand what we really believe if you know your right. In Hitler’s era, he ruled the people as military government and as for today there is a big difference in it. I have the freedom of choice and no one can tell me what is right or wrong believes.            My Randy died because of the wrong perspective in races and religion of the army troops His family was killed in the holocaust because they were Jewish. The holocaust is were Adolf Hitler put the Jewish Family and kills them inside the train. Those who survived told me that Randy was shot in the head because he tried to save his parents. His parents was in gas chamber’s and by using a poison gas they were killed for about fifteen minutes. I cannot do anything because i will be killed if i also help them. I was to scared to stand up what i have believed when i was a children. As that event i can’t and scared for myself and for my family.            The discrimination of the Jewish cause lots of people dead in a instant. Because of Hitler’s ambition to be all perfect the people also suffered and died. That Germany is for thee German people. Hitler brainwash the German telling that Jewish is poison in the country. He make believed that German’s are the highest and royalty in the country. This man was the evil man i ever known how he kills the people but not killing in his own hands. The blood shed was all over the country and the massive killing didn’t stop but a lot of events in this black era had died in a horrifying death.            When we left Germany we never regrets that we are no more in that country. I was pleased that my family and i left the country and start in Unites States. My sister, Rachel is in San Diego California High school and Julianna is in grade school. And I’m working at the grade school down town. My life change because some of the horrifying when i was in the army was so humiliating for me i was obeying the most evil man in the world way back in the world war two. He even concluded in the holocaust those who are homosexuals, Gypsies and even Communists that just want to express their rights. While in the united states the people gives ideas in their own ways. They can write their beliefs, shout out the road and protest all day want. In my times, they were killed by poison in the chamber or shot to death. But in the new country i was amazed that how people are expressive in their own rights. Having the right choice and choose what ever you want to say. Opportunity to speak wants in each in our minds and protecting the human life as well.            I reminiscing what happen then until today, and before i was a nightmare to my family and the people that lived in Germany in the World War II. I was more aware to the people around me. I respect the people even though they are not like German races. It doesn’t matter what religion or culture or decision we have but the important is respecting every person.            In my family perspective like my father, he just wants to lived normal ordinary citizen and give my mother’s attention. Because my mother can’t speak no more. It so pity looking his wife like that while he is normal. My mother’s eyes just have tears every time my father help him to eat. My mother was paralyzed due to the explosion when they hide in the cellar. She cannot speak nor move her feet. My sister and i knew that my father’s affection will help my mother’s recovery and give a new start for my family and I.            I was teaching children but i am a handicap using a wheel chair sometimes i just can’t forgive Hitler and ask what he had done to me. I cannot walk like before all i want before is to  teach children and have an ordinary life. A life that was taken for me to the dark age of world war II. As for now, i just go with my own life and pursuit my goal. Teaching Children and have my degree in Education in history. I want to explore life and tell stories about the Dark Age of Hitler’s reign in Germany. I am setting my mind that even though I’m a handicap and has a dark memories i can still change young adults mind to appreciate their lives and know their rights as a human being. Teaching them that sometimes life is unpredictable and learned for the mistakes that we have than in the past. And Even like is so unfair we have to strive and fight for our lives.            My family and I were helping each other by everyday session what we feel and what happen this past few days. We were bonding for giving affection to each other that telling each other that stand as a family a therapy for the souls to heal the wounded hearts. Give each other support in times of remembering the bad experiences that we had in the world war II. Protecting one another to cope in the tragic moment of the family. It’s sad to see my family especially my mother cry every time she hear a gun shot in the Television. She was traumatize and we want her to realized that the war is over. We just hug her every time she feels she was in the stage of the Dark Age of Hitler.            My little sister Julianna just hug mother ever time my mother cries. She will say â€Å" Don’t cry mama we here and were still alive. We will not stop loving you†. Then hug with tears my little sister. We know it’s hard to forget the horrific experience but were still trying to fight it how painful it is. We maybe faces the stage of recovering but the help of the new friends in the united states i think we can face and can heal the pain. Time could only tell when will my family and I can ever recover because the experiences are to scary to imagine.            One night i was dreaming my troops who died in the war they were crying for help and begging to save them. It shifted when i saw my two best friends Randy and Ryan under the tree near in my old house in hamburg Germany they we lying in the grass the surrounding were all black but i can see the tree that we always hanging out when we were a kid. They were not moving they just lying in the tree with their eyes closed. The background sound was the bombs, shot of a gun and the stomping of feet. I was just looking but not moving in my place. Then one Russian was holding a big sword he cut my one leg and hold my cut leg and just laughing loudly. I screamed with the pain i saw. Then Randy scream that he cannot move his body and he cannot breath. He was begging me to help him but i can’t move my feet. I was in the ground sitting in with my blood. I was crying for help. Ryan was asking for help. He said â€Å"help us!Pls Help us!†. And i heard a plane coming to Ryan’s place and saw how the plane release a bomb through air and pointed in Ryan and Randy’s place and i shouted â€Å"No!†.            My sister Rachel woke me up and saying that I’m just dreaming. I was crying in her shoulder that i told what i dreamed. She said that i cannot forgive myself in what happen to my friends and troops. I was devastated that night that whole night i talk to my sister Rachel about what i feel. I was crying so hard that asking why did my friends died? I cannot except how a tragic event will haunt me every day in my life.            I just when to church with my family praying for a piece of mind. We pray for the people that died in that dark age of Hitler. My little sister Julianna lit up a candle for the children that have died in the world war and the rest of the family pray for the peace of the soul who died while protecting their family.            After going to church, we went to the park for a picnic with the rest of the people who survived and left Germany. There was the a lot of family migrated after the down fall of Hitler. We were the survivors of the wars, In battlefield and in the holocaust. They were sharing their lives how they suffer and how they did survived in Hitler’s era. We were eating while we were talking about the great stories.            Their was a lady sharing her story and showing in her risk the number. The number of her risk show that she was a victim of the holocaust. How she was separated with his father and hiding in her mother’s skirt. Children were taking away from their parents and killing them by poison gas. Because the friends of Hitler said that we kill the old adults but the younger ones must the first to be killed because they can be a hindrance someday in Hitler’s plans. The Lady said she was escaped by the help of her mother she run for her life but never see her mother and her 3 siblings anymore.            A striking in my flesh how this lady lost her family and can talk about the death of her family. She maybe realized to be strong and be dependent to herself because she was left alone not like me, i lost my friends and troops but i have still have my family alive and even i don’t have my other leg i still have my family to be there whenever i needed comfort.            Those people that was victims of the Dark era was sharing their experiences while we were eating together in the park. My family was happy that they were alive and sharing the moments. I was thinking that my family has an extension a large family for those who were victims of the Hitler’s era. A large community for people who were victims and sharing their live to each other to healed each others heart.            I talk to my father and have a great idea. I told my father what if we build an organization for us to help people that is victims of discrimination and inequality. Those who was survived in the war and for the present those who were discriminated by other people. At first my father hesitated because we don’t have enough money to organize a organization. I told my father that the people will help and the citizen in the community will help also if we have a proper exposure.            And he agree to it and I open the meeting to the people who was in the picnic. Telling them we can stand for it and help one another. I saw how they shared with out a doubt to one another and by it an organization can be build by starting for the victims of the Hitler’s era. I saw my mother tears falls down with her cheeks that in my heart i knew that it is the start of a new beginning for the family and the victims. That my mother will regain her strength and faith to live in a new stage of her life. I told them that we can start a new life and by the stories we will tell them in schools how we lived in that era and to protect people in abuse and human rights. They were applauding me after i explained what i have planned for the future.            After that day, people we going to my house and sharing their lives how they treated when they were in world war II. And my father and my mother was the one listening to each stories. My father gives them advices and moral support. My mother is the one who touches them to realized that they were sympathize in their behalf. My two sister were giving for them and sometimes listen also stories about the victims.            We were sharing the lives in my school when i have a history classes that is related to the topic. Giving the children to see that they were fortunate to live with out dictatorship. Sharing the lives of the victims changes the lives of my student. They were sympathizing the victims and giving their reaction and i can see in my students eyes that they can see clearly how the world war effect many lives in Germany. Their tears was falling when they heard that even children are killed just because of their culture and their religion.            After a month, a blessing came into the victims lives. They were given a place for every memorabilia and pictures of their family to remind the people that in world war many lives was taken and shattered but some people that survived because a hero to give idea that a right to live and freedom to say what you want it to say.            My family and I was over whelm to see my student give a special place to the victims and collect memorabilia to the victims and re-arranged it to the walls. Pictures of people who died in the war and most of them are also written names that every student put some personal prayer. When the grand opening of the New Hope Organization people in the neighborhood was attended the event. There was open eyes to them and give some donations for the victims of the war.            Some give attention to talk to them every day to heal the survivor in this dark age. And some give their time attention and love to the victims of the war. I was over whelm what they did. My family was helping to the new organization and hopefully we can gathered all the victims of the war not in a certain neighborhood but each country that was victims of Hitler’s era.            That night we went to bed and i had dream again. Ryan and Randy was wearing white clothes and smiling at me under the tree that was my friends and I hang out when we were little. They were waving at me and telling me thank you for the help. I said to them don’t thank me i am just an ordinary person that just want to ask forgiveness to them.             Randy said don’t ask forgiveness because you didn’t kill us but life is unpredictable we have to face and be courageous that we are dead. We have to have to sacrifice something to achieved a certain goal. They were telling me that i help the souls of the forgotten to see the light and to remember them as innocent who died in Hitler’s era. After that my two best friends wave and disappeared.            I woke up and i saw the four corners of my room. I was happy that even randy and the victims of the war appreciate how the the living victims were cope in the new environment and appreciating that they were heroes in every stories. They maybe death but in the history of Hitler’s in human stand a new way of thinking that, we can stand in our own.            We have human rights and have the right to choose to be alive in this world. No one can ever take this and by together all the victims and those who are voluntary helping to heal the people can change a new world. Changing the way of those who are not open in the historical dark era. And make a stand to people that Life is a right to live.            Adolf Hitler may killed many lives in Germany but again i stand for the victims who live and even they have dark experiences they will stand because of the people surrounds them. A lot was changed and my family gathers the pieces of a happy family i might don’t have my other leg or my mother cannot talk for the rest of her life i know and she knows that a big changes when we left Germany and pick the pieces of each others life.            The organization will always be in the side of the victims and the death of the innocents. I will be the one who will uplift this vision and became a reality. By the help of people who are willing and open minded in the event. My father supported me to my goals and my vision. I Finish my degree and teaches college students in San Diego California. My two sister is studying in where i teach in high school. My mother can’t talk but as i can see she cope in her trauma and helping in the victims by listening in their stories.                                               BIBLIOGRAPHY J and Einsiedel, H., Cassell Military Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments, Wieder,London, 2nd Edition, 2002.             WalshS., Simon & Schuster Stalingrad 1942 – 1943, London, 2000.            Pimlott, J.Viking (Penguin), the Viking Atlas of World War II London, 1995            Keegan, J. (Ed) Atlas of the Second World War            Times Books / Guild Publishing, London, 1989            Jukes G., MacDonald & Co Stalingrad: The Turning Point            London, 1968            Good enough, S., Macdonald & Co War Maps            London, 1982            Laurence Rees & Samuel West            The Nazis (chaos and consent)            BBC World Wide, 2004
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 8
I found Damon dancing with Hilda, ushering her around the dance floor with the lightest touch. Wherever his fingers touched she bent, curling into him a trifle more than was acceptable and falling against him more than was necessary. Other girls looked on enviously, clearly hoping to dance with him next. He pretended to devote all his attention to the poor girl, but glanced up just long enough to shoot me a dazzling smile. I waited impatiently for the dance to end, wishing I could compel the musicians to stop. But whatever Damon's powers of compulsion, mine were severely lacking thanks to my meager diet. As soon as the last beat was played, I marched up to my brother. â€Å"Oh, I'm sorry, did you want to†¦ ?†he asked, innocently, indicating Hilda. â€Å"Because I'm sure she will. If you'd like her to.†Hilda studied her dance card, the picture of confusion. â€Å"Let's go get a drink,†I said, taking him by the elbow. â€Å"Exactly what I was thinking,†he agreed, mock-seriously. He snapped his fingers, as if at a dog. â€Å"Hilda†¦ ?†â€Å"Leave her alone,†I ordered. Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"Fine. A waiter will do just as well.†But he allowed me to place an iron grip on his arm and guide him through the crowd, past the refreshment room, through a library and into a poorly lit study. â€Å"What the hell are you doing here?†I demanded the moment we were alone. â€Å"Trying to enjoy myself,†Damon said, throwing his hands up in mock exasperation. He dropped his accent immediately. â€Å"Did you see the spread? The salmon's from Scotland. And Adelina Patti is here, too – Father would have just died. Oh wait.†He snapped his fingers. â€Å"He did die. You murdered him, in fact.†â€Å"Only after he tried to kill us,†I pointed out, clenching my fists. â€Å"Correction: after he succeeded in shooting both of us. We're dead, brother.†Damon grinned at me. He was circling me. Casually, as if he didn't mean to, as if he was just walking around idly, making conversation while admiring the decor. It reminded me of how he'd paced the ring at the circus back in New Orleans, when Gallagher had forced him to fight the mountain lion. Damon picked up a small statuette and turned it over in his hands, but his eyes stayed locked on mine. I squared my shoulders, feeling the predator's response as he challenged my personal space. â€Å"I'm asking you again, Damon: What are you doing here?†â€Å"Same thing as you, brother. Starting a new life, far from home, and war, and tragedy, and all of those other things immigrants like us are escaping. New York is where the action is. I figured if it's good enough for my brother, it's good enough for me, too.†â€Å"So you did follow me,†I said. â€Å"How?†â€Å"You stink,†Damon said. â€Å"Don't act surprised! It's not just you. Everyone stinks. We're hunters, Stefan. About halfway up the coast, it wasn't hard to figure out where you decided to go after New Orleans. I just made sure I got here first. There isn't a train yet that can beat me on a horse. Well, several horses. A couple of them died of exhaustion. Like your poor, poor Mezzanotte.†â€Å"Why, Damon?†I said, ignoring his casual cruelty. â€Å"Why follow me here?†Damon's eyes narrowed and a flash of rage shot through them, exploding from the hidden depths of his soul. â€Å"I told you I was going to torment you for the eternity you blessed me with, Stefan. Did you think I would break my promise so quickly?†I was used to Damon's fits of pique. His anger had always been like a summer storm, quick and violent, causing damage to anyone or anything nearby – and then it was over and he was buying a round at the tavern. But this fury was new, and it was all because of me. I averted my eyes so he couldn't see the pain and guilt written there. â€Å"What do you want with Lydia? What does she have to do with anything?†â€Å"Ah, Lydia,†Damon sighed, infusing his voice with pretend longing. â€Å"Charming, isn't she? Definitely the best catch of the three sisters. Not that Margaret doesn't have her own charms, of course, but she's a bit sarcastic for my tastes, and, well, married.†He shook his head. â€Å"But then there's Bridget. Such a lively girl! Such verve!†â€Å"†¦ anyone seen Stefan?†As if on cue, we could both pick out her whining, childish soprano from four rooms away. â€Å"†¦ and such an irritating voice,†Damon finished, wincing. â€Å"First thing I would do, brother, is compel her to silence. You'd be doing the world a favor.†I clenched my jaw. â€Å"You were obviously involved with the Sutherlands long before we crossed paths here.†â€Å"Oh was I?†Damon asked. He put down the small statue he had been holding and turned it this way and that on the desk, as if deciding which way it looked best. â€Å"Poor girl was getting soaked – did she tell you the story? She loves it. For all of her pretending to be hard-nosed, she's a weak-kneed romantic as bad as the rest of them. A sudden storm out of nowhere, a dry cab for Lydia†¦ rich, rich Lydia†¦ with a sheltered upbringing and open, welcoming family.†â€Å"Oh, you are a master of subtlety. Controlling men's fates,†I said, rolling my eyes at Damon's preening. â€Å"I am a master. Who do you think left Bridget for you to find?†he demanded. He stuck his face toward my own so that our noses almost touched. â€Å"Who do you think wounded her – just enough – for poor, old, predictable Stefan to find? Stefan, who's sworn off drinking from humans, who I just knew would rescue the damsel in distress rather than finish her off.†A cold chill crept up my spine. â€Å"And then of course I compelled the entire family to welcome you and take you in,†he finished with a careless wave of his hand, as if it had been nothing. A sense of resignation and understanding flooded my body. Of course he had compelled the family. The Sutherlands' easy acceptance of me into their home had rankled me, and I should have realized earlier that something was hugely amiss. How did a man of Winfield's stature let a stranger, a vagrant, into his home, and never ask anything about his family or acquaintances? A man of his kind of wealth had to be careful about whom he allowed to get close. And Mrs. Sutherland – she was such a cautious mother, yet she allowed me to escort her and her daughter on a walk in the park. Though this was hardly the time, I couldn't help but wonder if her seeming affection for me had been true, or if it all had been due to Damon's Power. â€Å"What do you want, Damon?†I asked again. Here we were, back in the thick of it, but this time I understood just how dangerous my brother was and just how far he'd go to get revenge on me. â€Å"Nothing terrible, Stefan!†he said, grinning and stepping back, throwing his hands in the air. â€Å"But think of it! Me with Lydia wrapped around my finger. You with the adoring Bridget†¦. We'll marry the sisters and, just as you always hoped, we'll be brothers again for eternity – or at least as long as they live.†â€Å"I'm not marrying Bridget,†I blurted out. â€Å"Yes, you are,†Damon said. â€Å"No, I'm not,†I repeated. â€Å"I'm leaving New York. Tonight.†â€Å"You are staying here and marrying Bridget,†Damon said, coming to within an inch of my face, â€Å"or I will start to kill all the people in this place, one by one.†He was deadly serious, all traces of cavalier, joking, devil-may-care Damon gone. The smoldering anger was back. â€Å"You can't do that,†I growled. â€Å"Even you aren't strong enough to take down an entire ballroom.†â€Å"Oh really?†He snapped his fingers over his shoulder. A maid appeared from the next room, as if waiting for his signal. She already had a kerchief tied around her neck from where he had fed on her previously. He gestured with his chin at the window, and she gamely went over and began to unbolt the latches. â€Å"I can compel Bridget and her entire stupid entourage in there to go jump off a balcony,†Damon growled. â€Å"I don't believe you,†I said as calmly as I could. Only Lexi seemed able to control more than one person at once. And Damon wasn't nearly as old as she. â€Å"Or I can stalk them one by one and rip their throats out,†he offered instead. â€Å"It makes no difference to me.†The maid stepped up onto the sill and began to climb onto the rail. â€Å"Bastard,†I murmured, rushing over to grab the poor girl before she killed herself. â€Å"Get out of here,†I growled at her, unsure if I was compelling her or not. Suddenly she looked confused and scared, the spell broken. She bolted out of the room, sniffling. â€Å"Why?†I demanded when she had gone. â€Å"Why do you want to marry Lydia? Why is it so important that I marry her sister?†â€Å"If I have to live forever, I might as well do it in style,†Damon said, shrugging. â€Å"I'm sick of living from person to person, meal to meal, having no place to call home. When I marry Lydia, I'll be rich. A houseful of servants to attend to my every whim†¦ to feed my every need,†he leered. I wasn't sure he was just talking about blood. â€Å"Or, I could just take the money and run. Either way, I'll be a lot better off than I am now. Winfield is swimming in money.†â€Å"Why involve me?†I asked, feeling weary. â€Å"Why not just go off and do whatever it is you need to do, ruining people's lives?†â€Å"Let's just say I have my reasons.†Damon flashed me a harlequin's grin. I shook my head in exasperation. Just past the door of the study, a couple walked arm in arm through the library, in search of a quiet place to talk. Beyond them were the happy noises of the dancing throng, laughing conversations, the tap of heels on the floor. I watched distractedly, picking out Winfield's booming voice as he lectured someone on the basic tenets of capitalism. â€Å"What will you do with them?†I asked. With Damon as son-in-law, Winfield Sutherland's life expectancy had just been drastically reduced – and Lydia's as well. â€Å"Once I have their money? Pfff. I don't know,†Damon said, throwing his hand up in the air. â€Å"I hear San Francisco is fairly exciting – or maybe I'll just go and take that grand tour in Europe you'd always dreamed of.†â€Å"Damon – †I began. â€Å"Or I could just live here, like the king I do so want to be,†he continued, cutting me off. â€Å"Enjoying myself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I had a horrible image of Damon satisfying his every carnal desire in the Sutherland household. â€Å"I won't let you do this,†I said urgently. â€Å"Why do you care?†Damon asked. â€Å"I mean, it wasn't me tearing through New Orleans†¦. What was your body count toward the end there, brother?†â€Å"I've changed,†I pointed out, looking him in the eye. â€Å"Yes, of course,†he said. â€Å"Just like that. Whatever could have†¦ oh!†He grinned. â€Å"It's Lydia, isn't it? Once again following in my footsteps, brother. Everything I have you just want. Like Katherine.†â€Å"I never loved Katherine. Not the way you did.†I was attracted to her, of course – who wouldn't have been? She was beautiful, charming, and a terrible flirt. Damon hadn't minded her dark side, and in fact seemed to appreciate it. But when I was with her under her heady spell, I just wanted to ignore her vampire side. And when the vervain cleared my thoughts I was repelled by what she was. All of my feelings, deep feelings, for her, had been the stuff of glamour. For Damon, it was all real. â€Å"And I don't love Lydia,†I said. â€Å"But that doesn't mean I want to see her – or anyone – hurt.†â€Å"Then you do exactly as I say, brother, and everyone will be fine. But if you step out of line, even once†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Damon dragged a finger across his throat. â€Å"Then their blood will be on your hands.†For a long moment, all was silent as Damon and I glared at each other. I had vowed to never harm a human again, to never allow a human to come to harm because of me. I was trapped as neatly and as permanently as if I were still a sideshow vampire at a circus, tied with vervain ropes – and Damon knew it. I heaved a sigh. â€Å"What do you want me to do?â€
Monday, July 29, 2019
Branding britian Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Branding britian - Research Paper Example The IMC dimensions in the video advert on Great Britain include the voice, the interactions as well as the lucrative nature of the long term relationships formed. Also included is the exploration of the highlight using the IMC Development theoretical model. This involves looking at the orientation of the brand, the promotion, the end results of the brand, as well as the financial end results (Moriarty, 2012). For instance, our report talks about the sounds of Britain that have been known to define the tourism sector greatly. Such include the ticking of the clock, the mixing of tea and coffee, the passing of trains and cars, ringing of bells and cheering of games by fans. Using one voice means bringing together the marketing objectives with only the intention of directing the audience towards the objective of the promotion. According to (Moriarty, 2012), having one voice is very crucial, and it means that the communication instruments used have been able to convey clear ideas to its audience. The written texts displayed coincide with the pictures provided. The graphics, for instance, at the beginning of the video whereby there is a display of the Great Britain airports with visitors checking in balances with the simultaneous written message about the increase in visitor spending. This is seen during the first 20 seconds into the video, in which there is a narration of a story of a boy who travelled to a faraway place, but there is no link provided between this and the overall marketing objective. This is the same for the mention of the land rover defender, halfway into the video without mention of its relevance. On the other hand, having the intervie ws towards the end of the video has successfully avoided overloading the audience with information. Interactivity improves communication as part of marketing by making it possible for the audience
Sunday, July 28, 2019
The Jacksonian Character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Jacksonian Character - Essay Example strengths and weaknesses, offer my own opinions about the article and endeavor to show how the article relates to the materials discussed in Class 1301. Pessen says foreign visitors to America such as Tocqueville, Charles Dickens, Harriet Martineau, Frances Trollope and others viewed Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States (1829-37), as a child of the frontier, democrat, egalitarian, entrepreneurial, speculative profit seeker, conservative, conformist, violent, materialist and chaste republican. They thought these traits and values epitomized American society. While some of these visitors had such nice things to say about Americans as handsome, gentle, pleasant, trusting, and self-less (p. 30), most of them had a rather negative perception of Americans. To them, Americans were dull, cold and cruel (p. 11); violent, selfish, and thin-skinned (p. 12); and clever but shallow (p. 15). Americans were dirty, unrefined, drunkard and speculative (pp. 18-22); egalitarian, moral from outside but prudish (p. 23-24); and anti-tradition, apathetic to intellectual accomplishments, and disinterested in principles (pp. 27-31). Pe ssen agrees with the visitors that a Jacksonian American, â€Å"possibly†a materialist, entertained bigotry supplemented by cruelty and cupidity, vanity and boastfulness; he was blissfully unaware of any complex situation, disinterested in principles (p. 31). However, Pessen does not agree that a Jacksonin American was a child of the frontier, an inner-directed conformist, and a chaste republican looking longingly to the past (p. 30). Pessen’s article has three remarkable strengths. First, by presenting a whole array of views of contemporary European visitors, Pessen helps us understand American society from their perspective and experiences. Secondly, he also offers his own views so the readers have a different viewpoint to draw informed and objective conclusions. Thirdly, the article written in journalistic style makes an
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Costco's Management Style and How the Business Operates Research Paper
Costco's Management Style and How the Business Operates - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that managerial functions refer to a set of practices that can enable the organizations to successfully accomplish their predetermined business targets. The organizations of the present business world tend to highly focus on developing as well as designing effective and well-built managerial functions that can lead them towards sustaining in this competitive financial market. The managerial functions are regarded as the primary factors of an organization that incorporates a major set of practices like planning; organizing, leading as well as controlling that can lead them towards accomplishing their expected business goals. Costco is globally well-known for its extensive operations of retailing broad assortment of products for a different group of customers across the globe. The organization principally involves a membership warehouse facility that is dedicated to providing extensive collection of quality based merchandise to its global cus tomers in a best possible price. Currently, Costco can be observed in more than hundreds of global locations with a wider range of merchandise, convenient specialty departments as well as elite membership services serving a different group of global customers. The managerial functions are regarded as the pivotal factors that significantly direct an organization to accomplish its broad array of business practices. According to the rapid development of the global business environment, the organizations seek to achieve better control of its range of activities to remain competitive.... te an effective set of managerial functions for the purpose of strengthening and developing its operational as well as managerial capabilities through designing effective set of planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling functions (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012). This can be better understood with the help of the following pictorial illustration. Source: (Daft & Lane, 2009) In relation to the business operations of Costco, it has been observed that the organization practices an effective set of managerial functions that enable the company to conveniently perform its wide range of activities by a considerable level. Planning Planning can be considered as the initial and major aspect of the managerial functions that perform by a particular organization. The phase highly involves unending course of functions that are set by the top hierarchical members of a specific organization (Lewis, Goodman, Fandt & Michlitsch, 2007). In relation to the present managerial functions of Costco, it can be identified that the top hierarchical members of the organization tends to make effective decisions in order to attain its expected business targets. In this regard, the decisions include setting any predetermined business goal, procedures along with policies and other plans to deliberately provide quality products or services to its potential customers. Moreover, the planning functions of the Costco also incorporate developing functional strategies and effective action plans that facilitates the organization to attract the customers by a greater extent (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2011). In addition, the planning function of the organization also engages different marketing and promotional functions concerning warehouse opening, direct mailing to the new members along
Genre Analysis a Key to a Theory of ESP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2
Genre Analysis a Key to a Theory of ESP - Essay Example As stated in the module, there is a strong distinction between genres and text types; the former refers to the ‘external criteria’ or the nature of the content of the prose whereas, text type refers to the organization or the linguistic form of the text. It is not just a question whether or not I apply this knowledge when composing my essays or any written material but this is, in fact, necessary for any individual who has a keen interest in writing. Not only for the sake of coherence but once the writer has a firm grasp of the dynamics of genres and text types, they can steer the reader’s attention towards the true essence of the text and can help them decipher the writer intentions and emotions through the prose. Whilst writing a text pertaining to the horror genre, a writer would never employ a romantic setting or tone to help stimulate the reader’s imagination and that is why the distinction is necessary to make so that the writer knows which way to steer and the kind of description they must use to maintain the overall tone of the essay. Specifying the genre narrows down the line of thought for the writer that in turn enables us to create scenes and characters that complement the overall sense of the text. Similarly, for me, it is helpful as it tells me where precisely I should focus on and what kind of vocabulary is to be used to establish appropriate imagery and cohesion to make the written text sound consistent. Even though the terms text type and genre are actually mean different things but they are highly dependent upon each other since a genre is very helpful in enabling the writer to choose the most appropriate form of organization or text type that can project the writer’s implication.
Friday, July 26, 2019
Analysis of Relational Technology Tool Research Paper
Analysis of Relational Technology Tool - Research Paper Example These aspects are covered with an eye towards being able to understand the achievement of the function of Facebook as a relational technology; the application of Facebook to one aspect of computer-mediated communication or CMC; critiquing how Facebook supports the achievement of the goals of CMC; and making recommendations on better means of accomplishing the goals related to CMC (Lord, 2003; Barnes, 2002). Facebook touts itself as being in the business of creating products that provide utility value to advertisers, developers and end-users, through the Facebook platform. That platform is a social media platform that end-users utilize to be able to connect and interact with their families and friends, as well as to know more about the world through the news and the shared information from friends and created pages that are made possible through their being posted on the social media platform. Developers have a stake in making use of the platform to create applications that leverage t he user base and the technical and social media strength of the platform. Advertisers on the other hand, as the third leg of the ecosystem after users and developers, can leverage the large user base of Facebook and the social nature of their interactions to reach large targeted audiences for their products and services (Google, 2013). The end-user focused products are many and have been well-developed and evolved after many years of use by millions of users around the world. Those products are made available to users on the Facebook platform, which in turn can be accessed from a host of devices, from personal computers to tablets to smart phones by the largest providers of devices in the world, from Apple to Android devices to other operating system platforms and form factors. The key end-user products include Timeline, News Feed, Places, Pages, and the photo uploading service. There is also an email and a chat facility to complement the other forms of sharing and communication on the platform. News Feed is a personalized platform for the sharing of information, news and status posts from friends, from various Pages, and from other parties that have presence on Facebook. Pages are user-created Facebook pages that cater to various content and interests providers and enthusiasts, and include Fan pages for artists, pages for news and media organizations, official pages of artists and public figures, and the like. The scale of the Pages product is demonstrated in the stat which says that as of the second quarter of 2012, about 42 million pages exist on Facebook, that have ten or more Likes. Likes is a Facebook feature that allows users to tag posts and Pages that they like. The photo service is another end-user product that allows users to upload, share and archive digital images on Facebook. The Places product, meanwhile, allows users to share their locations and the places that they visit to friends and family. The tagging functionality in the Photos app allows for another layer of social sharing of photos that include information on the users who are in the photos. This is a social way of annotating and sharing the photos (Reuters, 2013). II. History of the
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Assignment
Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - Assignment Example Through strategic positioning of the products and services of Skype, Microsoft strategically noticed the level of usage of Skype, through the voice and video calling application in addition to other features. Strategically, the acquisition connected the business of Microsoft Corporation and blended well with other services and products of this corporation. This also facilitated the strategic evaluation of the priorities of its products, as well as the development of business strategies of the corporation (Gaughan, 2010). The fact that Skype was a computer to computer based telephone program, made it even more ideal for Microsoft Corporation. Once it was acquired, the corporation was able to provide voice services to its wide range of clients across the globe, and this placed the corporation strategically for providing a wide range of services. This was not only a strategic decision for marketing the products of the corporation, but also a wise move that has seen the corporation incre ase its market share (Frankel, 2007). The justification for the opinion is that Microsoft is able to generate revenue through Skype, both locally and internationally through the services of the acquisition. This is facilitated by the fact that the services are computer based, and thus cheaper than the rates of other companies (Ulijn, 2010). Identification of a probable candidate corporation that has not been involved in mergers or acquisitions, and explanations why this company would be a profitable target Although mergers and acquisitions are applied by corporations strategically to finance and effectively manage the dealings of the corporation, through effective combination of various companies as well as similar entities that have a common enterprise for effective and rapid growth, there are corporations that have purely ignored this corporate strategy. Most corporations purchase companies and business entities for the purpose of combining their enterprise strategies (Gaughan, 20 10). An evaluation of the business-level strategy and one corporate-level strategy of a corporation that operates internationally, which is recommended for improvement The practice has clearly demonstrated that corporations that operate at the international level are subjected to more barriers and risks, due to the dynamic changes associated with the various regions across the globe. For the purpose of effective management of these risks, there is need for such corporations to evaluate the business-level strategies for the purpose of realizing the true value of conducting business at the international level (Frankel, 2007). A business-level strategy is fundamental for increasing the business value of any corporation. It is a very critical point for the corporation to identify and apply and appropriate business-level strategy. The practice of mergers and acquisitions has been applied by most corporations for the purpose of realizing the business-level strategies that are ideal for th eir cases. It is a very common trend which has seen most international corporations change their image in order for them to meet the demands and values of the consumer base. Apple has ideally identified such features through its technologically marketing strategies. The corporation has adopted modern quality appeals to
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Contemporary Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Contemporary Issues - Essay Example It is, therefore, the engineers’ prerogative to offer this protection. The education bar needs to be raised to ensure all those who qualify are up to the task of offering their services to the world (Osif, 2006). This paper will review some of the contemporary issues they face, and their possible solutions. There are many issues that face the civil engineering fraternity. One of the issues they face today is the lack of investment. The fraternity faces a particularly immense problem with lack of investment that they cannot conduct business as usual. Every engineer is aware of the dangers and consequences of poor structures. They have to face the burden of proving their innocence when it comes to disasters concerning their structures. It is a risky investment, thus; not many individuals are willing to invest in this field (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). Organizations prefer to play it safe. The need to invest in a risky business is usually not appealing to anyone. Even in the past, the need to have structures built in order to connect people and the world was downplayed by lack of capital (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). It played a frighteningly crucial role in preventing the creation of exceptional structures for a long time. When infrastructure over the years does not get the recognition, they tend to have a negative impact on society. This presents a problem to everyone in today’s modern society. Society evolves on a daily basis. Many individuals do not want their society to be depleted of all its natural beauty. Civil engineers need to realise this and strive to be â€Å"sustainers†, not just builders or designers. This is another problem or challenge they face. They need to shape society to accept the new, innovative way in which the world is changing (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). The world should be ready and willing to invest in some of the civil engineering projects. This can prevent some of the problems that face the fraternity. Capital is
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Industrial Placement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Industrial Placement - Case Study Example This clearly implies that poor performance of the human resource is hazardous to the organisation. One of the major human resource issues faced by most organisations is the high rate of employee turnover. Problems arise in many organisations as a result of unethical practices of the management towards the employees. This leads to more employee grievances and, in turn, affects the smooth functioning of the organisation. Increased rate of employee grievance is also a cause for high employee turnover. A good human resource management can help to solve the human resource issues of an organisation. Initially it was the personnel department who dealt with the employees in the organisation. But the personnel department only dealt with the technical aspects of the employees such as staffing, remunerating etc. Later on, human resource management became a separate department to look after the welfare of the employees at the work place. "Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organisation." (N. Madison. 2007). The terminology changed from personnel management to human resource management when the significance of the human resources in an organisation's success was identified properly. The fact that human consideration has to be given to the employees paved way to the formation of human resource departments in the organisation. The main functio ns of the human resource management include recruiting, selecting, placing, controlling, remunerating and motivating the employees of the organisation. Though human resource management's function includes all the activities beginning from recruiting the staff the main objective of human resource management is to provide a good working environment for the employees so that the employees feel good at work. The employees should be provided with sufficient benefits and allowances apart from salary, on the basis of their performance and as per the statute governing the employees' welfare. Human resource management in an organisation is mainly based on the concept that the employees in an organisation are human beings and they are unlike other resources. Employees will have their own problems and difficulties at their workplace arising as a result of the problems in their personal life. And also human resource is a factor whose behaviour cannot be predicted by any means. This study is aimed at identifying the human resource issues existing in the hotel giant Sheraton Hotels and Resorts. The study is conducted in Sheraton New York Hotel and Towers located in New York City. Sheraton is one of the oldest and the best hotels in the world. Currently it has very good market share in the hospitality industry. The final report is addressed to the top level human resource executives of the company for helping them to resolve the problem. Objectives of the report The main objective of preparing this report is to study and analyze the major human resource issues existing in the organisation. The study is routed to some of the areas which were found to be unsatisfactory
Monday, July 22, 2019
Hp Case Study Essay Example for Free
Hp Case Study Essay In looking at this issue from all perspective, I would recommend HP to adopt universal power supply as the potential benefits outweigh the costs. From one perspective, $30 increases in product that sale for $1000 which is only 3%. This 3% increase will eliminate a lot of marketing, manufacturing, forecasting, and logistical problem that HP is spending millions each year. I believe that by spending 3% more upfront will have better bottom line effect in end. Not to mention, it will also add value to customer in sense HP may be the only company that offers universal power supply. Given the short life cycles of laser printers (18 months) along with high demand uncertainty, and the past experiences (the VIPER example), we recommend adopting the universal power supply strategy. However, clearly, to make the final decision, a thorough cost vs. benefit analysis needs to be carried out in order to determine the trade-off between the increase in manufacturing costs ($30 per printer for the universal power supply) and the decrease in stock-out and inventory holding (and improved forecasts) costs due to risk pooling and data aggregation as well as re-configuration and transshipment costs. The main component of a printer that actually performs the printing. The printer engine determines how fast and at what resolution the printer can print. Although there are many manufacturers of printers, many use the same printer engines. The difference between printers using the same printer engine revolves around other features, such as paper handling abilities and the console. Central mechanism of a laser printer that translates a printer controllers signals into the printed image. Print engines are differentiated by their output quality (resolution), print speed (pages per minute), and type of ink (or toner) used. A laser printers manufacturer (such as Hewlett Packard) is not necessarily the same as its print engine manufacturer (such as Canon). A printer fuser is the part of any laser printer or copier that makes the toner ink stick to the paper. A fuser consists of two heated rollers, and it often is the main culprit in printer breakdowns. Without it, though, toner ink would constantly smudge and would become illegible after hands touched it. A laser printer fuser or copier fuser is essential to printing. The ink drum first spreads out the ink into a pattern of a photo, term paper or whatever is being printed. At this point, the ink is very volatile because it simply sits atop the paper and has not yet become one with the sheet. This wet ink immediately goes between both rollers. Thanks to the heat and the pressure from the fuser, the ink is integrated into the paper and will not smudge as easily.
A Little Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories Essay Example for Free
A Little Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories Essay Refer to themes, language and setting. A Little Cloud is the first of the maturity stories in Dubliners, preceded by Counterparts, Clay and A Painful Case. The story is archetypal of Joyces style and embraces all the key themes of, class, materialism, escapism and above all the paralysis and struggle of Ireland. The opinion that Ireland is a country lowly in comparison to the rest of Europe is enforced at the beginning of the story when Little Chandler says it was something to have a friend like [Gallaher] because he worked for the London press. The emphasis here is on the great city of London and Little Chandler has immeasurable respect for Gallaher as he has escaped the paralysis of Ireland in favour of this thriving city. The environment Chandler lives in is lacklustre and uninspiring, his writing tiresome the nurses he sees are untidy and the old men dozing on benches are decrepit. When Little Chandler thinks of his situation in Dublin a gentle melancholy [takes] possession of him which he feels [is] useless to struggle against. In A Painful Case a number of adjectives are used to convey the environment, such as disused, sombre and shallow. Joyce has subtly emphasised the burden of being a Dubliner and in particular the feeling of restriction which the characters are unwilling to challenge and from which they feel escape would be futile. There are recurring references to the colour brown (not just in the maturity stories) and Maria in Clay wears a brown raincoat, thus inadvertently resigning herself to the drab and motionless life of Dublin. Joyce contrasts two worlds in the story; the domestic, insular and paralysed Dublin with the fast-moving, energetic, cosmopolitan London and Europe. Little Chandler desires to belong to the wider, modern world and begins to despise his life with his family in Dublin. By juxtaposing Little Chandler with the successful, exuberant Gallaher, Joyce sets up an antithesis between the two worlds which they represent. The Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 abolished Irelands political centre, resulting in Dublin being a city in limbo, without a clear purpose and with a confused identity. This is evident throughout Dubliners, with inhabitants such as Little Chandler and Farrington all feeling trapped by the narrowness of Dublin life. There is a pervasive feeling that to be glamorous, like Ignatius Gallaher, one has to leave Ireland. Little Chandler believes London to be the key to his dreams and that if you wanted to succeed you had to go away. You could do nothing in Dublin. The attitude of Little Chandler to social class is indicated throughout. He encounters children in the slums of North Dublin as he passes on his way to meet his glamorous friend, Gallaher. The children are described as a horde, grimy and populating the street and depicted as vermin who crawled and squatted like mice. Little Chandler, like Duffy in A Painful Case feels himself to be superior to the people whom he passed, above the parochial, narrow interests of Dublin. He aspires to be a poet, loved by the more affluent English people. Chandler is shallow and materialistic, obsessed with appearance and class, excited about going to Corlesss because he knew the value of the name and the richly dressed ladies caught his eye. Gallaher says if he ever married, his wife must have a good fat account at the bank otherwise she wont do for me. If he marries he intends to play [his] cards properly and secure one of the thousand of rich Germans and Jews. He dismisses the sacrament of marriage as just business that could go stale, emphasising the immorality of London. The maturity stories all contain the presence of resentment in the main characters at the inevitable situation they have resigned themselves to living in. Joyce conveys Little Chandlers anger with a number of adjectives such as trembled, burst, convulsively and a paroxysm of sobbing. His cheeks later suffuse with shame which gives way to tears of remorse at his failure not only to fulfil his dreams but for the resentment he feels towards his family for thwarting his freedom. In Counterparts there is an established mood of anger with a bell rung, a heavy step and Farringtons spasms of rage. Joyce uses the symbol of the little cloud as an image of entrapment, not just hope; the little cloud of unhappiness hovering over his marriage to Annie, which restricts him from being the fun-loving bachelor like his idol Gallaher. Joyce incorporates the fantasy and captivation of exoticism and wealth in the dark Oriental eyes of the Rich Jewesses. Similar to fantasies of the East Joyce uses alcoholism as a method of escape from the stifling lives of the Dubliners and this is particularly prominent in A Little Cloud. Gallaher states that he drinks [his whisky] neat and that Little Chandler, who drinks very little doesnt know whats good for [him]. Sobriety is here seen as the reason why Chandlers life is so inartistic and dreary in comparison to Gallahers. Ireland is belittled and viewed as an engaging absurdity by the English when Gallaher says theyve got a great feeling for Ireland and the English were ready to eat [him] because he was Irish. Little Chandler wishes his name was more Irish-looking so as to endear the British with his book he dreams about publishing in London. This is ironic as Little Chandlers wishes to flee the restraints of Ireland yet feels dependant on his heritage. The story is highly symbolic of Irelands historical state; how the rest of Europe refuses to treat Ireland with respect symbolising Gallaher continually refusing Little Chandlers invitations to come for supper and to meet his family. Gallahers visit gives rise to an epiphany within Little Chandler, a feature Joyce includes in each of his stories, an anti climax when a character realises his escape to be defective. In the maturity series it is through the characters own personality flaw they render themselves incapable of escaping the life they constantly bemoan. In A Little Cloud Gallahers visit evokes a dull resentment within Little Chandler; he was useless, useless! A prisoner for life and he feels acutely the injustice of his life is next to Gallahers. Little Chandler believes the only way of escape is if he publishes a book in London, but he cannot complete this because the wailing of the child permanently permeates his ear. Little Chandler projects the resentment he feels at his lack of achievement in comparison to Gallaher, onto his wife and he is repelled by her passionless eyes and fantasises of the dark Oriental eyes of the Jewesses which Gallaher mentioned earlier in Corlesss. Little Chandler begins to feel a little disillusioned and Gallahers accent did not please him. London, which Gallaher hitherto represents, is now seen as gaudy and vulgar imprinting itself upon his original old personal charm and his vagrant and triumphant life upsets the equipoise of [Chandlers] sensitive nature. Little Chandler believes that Gallahers alleged friendliness to him is in fact patronisation just as he was patronising Ireland by his visit. He has been too consumed with his own anger and resentment at his own entrapment and the failure of his own dreams, to see through Gallahers version of an exotic, successful life. In A Painful Case Duffy becomes disillusioned with escaping, when Mrs Sinico caught up his hand passionately and similarly Little Chandler begins to wildly question Could [I] go to London?, [is] it too late? But Duffy bids his only distraction from the paralysis of Dublin Mrs Sinico, goodbye and is blatantly scared of commitment. The reunion with a conceited Gallaher reminds Little Chandler of what he hasnt achieved and he feels resentment which he thus inflicts on those around him. A Little Cloud is an evident example of Joyces maturity stories in keeping with the aspect that binds them together, the characters comprehension that all endeavours to escape are fruitless. Little Chandler and Duffy lacked conviction and ignored the opportunity that was once given to them for escape, something they blame everyone but themselves for. The characters Joyce writes of do not appreciate what they have, mourning instead for what they do not. The Dubliners are, like the city, reluctant to change and yet are embittered by the injustice of their paralysed lives. Duffy does not appreciate until the death of Mrs Sinico, that he will never have a chance of marriage, or to love, through which he could have forgotten the monotony of the city he cannot escape. Congruously, Little Chandler dismisses his family throughout A Little Cloud and when his personal epiphany dawns on him he realises his failure to his family, his cheeks suffuse with shame and he cries with tears of remorse as much out of guilt at the egocentric way he has behaved, as for his hopeless venture of escape.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Relation between Serum Apelin Level and CAE
Relation between Serum Apelin Level and CAE Decreased Apelin Levels in Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia M.Zihni Bilik, M.Ata Akal, Halit Acet, Abdulkadir Yaldaz, Murat Yà ¼ksel, Nihat Polat, Mesut Aydan, Mustafa Oylumlu, Sait Alan ,Faruk Ertaâ„ ¢Ã‚ ¹  ¹Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakr, Turkey  Abstract Introduction: Etiopathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is completely unknown. Most of CAE develop with atherosclerosis. Association of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and apelin has been examined in previous studies. In isolated coronary artery ectasia the role of plasma apelin has not been studied yet. Aim: In this study, we investigated the relation between plasma apelin levels and coronary artery ectasia. Material and methods: Study population included totally 54 patients. 26 patients with isolated CAE (53.6 ±8.1 years ); 28 patients as control group with normal coronary arteries (51.6 ± 8.8 years) and with similar risk factors and demographic properties . Apelin levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) . Results: Apelin levels in CAE group were significantly lower [apelin= 0.116ng/ml (0.086-0.319) ] than those in control group [0.689ng/ml (0.077-1.067) ] (P =0.033).Glucose, creatinine,total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, HDL-C levels were not significantly different between groups (P >0.05). Conclusions: In this study we showed that patients with isolated CAE have decreased plasma apelin levels. Therefore there may be an association between decreased plasma apelin level and isolated CAE. Key words: apelin, coronary artery ectasia, atherosclerosis Introduction: Apelin is an adipocytokine and endogenous ligand for the angiotensin-like 1 receptor (APJ). The function of apelin is not clear in the cardiovascular system. Apelin may play an opposite role to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a compensatory mechanism. It is reduced in patients with heart failure.[1] Increased apelin expression has been found in coronary vessels, cardiomyocytes, large conduit vessels [2] vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells.[3] Some functions of apelin have been described, such as positive inotropism [4] ,endothelium-dependent vasodilation [5],cardiac contractility,[6] and the reduction of vascular wall inflammation. CAE has been defined as abnormal dilatation of a segment of coronary artery that 1.5 times larger than the diameter of adjacent normal segments of artery.[7] The incidence of CAE has been reported to account for 0.3% to 4.9% in patients underwent coronary angiography. [8] Although the exact mechanisms leading to CAE are not clear up to now, atherothrombosis, endothelial dysfunction and vasculit have been suggested as possible responsible factors. CAE has also been reported in association with various conditions such as congenital coronary anomalies, connective tissue diseases, and vasculitis and failed smooth muscle cells. [9,10] Apelin has a role in endothelium-dependent vasodilation. CAE may dependent to endothelium-dependent vasodilation mechanism. [5] So there may be relation between apelin and CAE. In our knowledge there is not any study in the literature about apelin and CAE. Aim: In this study we aimed to examine the relation between serum apelin level and CAE. Material and methods: Study population included totally 54 patients that were admitted to Cardiology Department of Dicle University. Twenty six patients with isolated CAE ( 53.6 ±8.1 years ) as CAE group and 28 patients as control group with normal coronary arteries that proven angiographically (51.6 ± 8.8 years) with similar risk factors and demographic properties to CAE group were included . Cases who had malignancy, heart failure ,acute coronary syndrome, renal disease, collagen tissue diseases, vasculitis,coronary artery disease were excluded from the study. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained from each patient. Study design: All patients underwent detailed physical examination. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by square of height. Clinical laboratory analyses were performed in Dicle University Biochemistry Laboratories (Diyarbakar, Turkey). Biochemical tests were performed by Abbott C16000 (USA) biochemical autoanalyzer with original kits and hematological counts were measured by an automated hematology analyzer (Abbott Cell-Dyn 3700; Abboott Laboratory, Abbott Park, IL) in peripheral venous blood samples . Standart methods were used to measure total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL),triglycerides and fasting glucose. Serum obtained by centrifuge was stored at −80 °C until analysis for apelin measurement. These were studied at the Biochemistry Laboratory of Dicle University .Apelin levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., California,USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and expressed as ng/ml. Evaluation of coronary artery ectasia by coronary angiography Coronary angiography was routinely performed using the Allura Xper FD10 (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) through femoral artery by Judkins technique without use of nitroglycerine. The contrast agent was Iopamiro 370 (Bracco, Milan, Italy) that used in all patients. Each angiogram was evaluated concurrently by two interventional cardiologists who were blinded to the study and to each other. Angiographically CAE was accepted when diameter of dilated segment of coronary artery was 1.5 times larger than adjacent normal segments. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify that continuous variables were normally distributed. Continuous variables are listed as mean  ± standard deviation, categorical variables are listed as percentages. The independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as p Results: The study was included a total of 54 patients. CAE group included 26 patients with coronary ectasia (mean age 53.6 ±8.1 years) and %73.1 (n=19) of patients were male. Control group included 28 control patients with normal coronary arteries (mean age 51.6 ± 8.8 years) and 64.3% (n =18) of patients were male. There was no difference between two groups regarding basal demographical data (P>0.05). Demographic characteristics of the groups are presented in Table 1. We found apelin levels in CAE group significantly lower [apelin= 0.116ng/ml (0.086-0.319) ] than those in control group [0.689ng/ml (0.077-1.067) ] (P =0.033). Glucose, creatinine,total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, HDL-C levels were not significantly different between groups (P >0.05). Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the study population Ectasia Grup (n=26) Control Grup (n=28) P value Age (years) 53.6 ±8.1 51.6 ± 8.8 0.38 Male n(% ) 19 (%73.1) 18(%64.3) 0.49 Hypertension n(%) 15 (%58) 12(%43) 0.18 Diabetes Mellitus n(%) 4 (%15) 6 (%21) 0.57 BMI (kg/m ²) 28.1 ± 4 26.7  ±4.2 0.24 Smoking n(%) 13 (%50) 12 (%46) 0.79 Glucose mg/dl 106 ±20 124 ±53 0.1 Creatinine mg/dl 0.86 ±0.2 0.82 ±0.1 0.38 Total cholesterol mg/dl 196 ±47 195 ±37 0.98 LDL mg/dl 128 ±42 113 ±33 0.14 HDL mg/dl 41 ±10 40 ±10 0.92 Triglyseride mg/dl 145 ±77 184 ±115 0.15 Apelin ng/ml 0.116 (0.086-0.319)* 0.689 (0.077-1.067)* 0.033 *Median and interquartile range used. BMI:Body mass index ; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: High density lipoprotein cholesterol Figure-1: Comparison of the plasma apelin level between CAE and control group. P=0.033 Discussion : CAE has been defined as abnormal dilatation of a segment of coronary artery that 1.5 times larger than the diameter of adjacent normal segments of artery. [7] The etiology of CAE is not fully understood. Various mechanisms are thought to be the reason of CAE. Approximately a half of CAE is due to atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Atheromatous ulcerations in coronary artery or significant stenosis has been described in patients with ectasia.[11,12] Cardiovascular system is the main target of apelin and its receptor APJ . In regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis, apelin may have an important role.[13] Positive inotropism, vasodilation, decreased blood pressure and diuresis are some effects of apelin on cardiovascular system . Therefore apelin may have an antagonistic effect to the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system .It is reduced in patients with heart failure.[1] Relation between apelin and coronary artery disease especially atherosclerosis is known. Kadoglou et al. showed that apelin concentrations are lower in CAD patients and it is negatively correlated with severity of CAD. [14]. Additionally, decreased apelin levels are observed in subjects with stable angina. Plasma apelin may have a role in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.[15]. Attenuation of the vessel wall has been shown by Rath et al. in nonatherosclerotic forms of CAE .In their study vessel media degeneration and smooth muscle cell replacement by hyalinized collagen with intact vessel intima has been demonstrated.[16] In the pathogenesis of CAE, loss of the musculoelastic components of the vessel media have an important effect. [12,17] Several factors other than atherosclerosis have a role in development of CAE such as endothelial dysfunction, vasculitis, congenital coronary anomalies, connective tissue diseases [9,10], oxidative stres, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, abnormal collagen synthesis and increased inflammatory response. [18] Li L. et al. showed that apelin have a regulatory effect on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell and nitric oxide production.[19] Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator and plays important roles in protecting the cardiac vascular system against myocardial damage. It inhibits leukocyte adhesion ,platelet aggregation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. [18] In some studies there was a relation between apelin and nitric oxide. It is demonstrated that in the rat model, myocardial damage significantly reduces by oxidative injury reduction and enhancement of nitric oxide production when rats treated with apelin in postinfarct period.[20] Tatemoto K., et al. reported that apelin may be present in the endothelium and reduce blood pressure via nitric oxide dependent mechanism.[21] Additionally polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene has been explored in several studies in patients with CAE. [22] According to this ,impaired nitric oxide dependent vasodilation mechanism may consist to be the reason of ectasia. Malyszko et al. reported that in patients with transplanted kidneys apelin level is correlated with intracellular adhesion molecule, adiponectin and the presence of coronary arery disease in patients with transplanted kidneys. [23] Apelin is a member of adipocytokin like adiponectin. Dagli N. et al. examined a negative correlation between coronary artery ectasia diameter and plasma adiponectin level .[24] Also in our study we obtained similar results that plasma apelin level in isolated CAE patients is significantly lower than in controls. According to recent data adiponectin and apelin have cardioprotective effects . Despite exact mechanism is not clear it seems that, both of them protect vessel from atherosclerosis and ectasia. However, further studies are required to show the role of apelin in development of CAE. Conclusion : In this study we showed that patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia have decreased plasma apelin level compared with normal coronary arteries. According to these data we suggest that apelin may have a role in developing CAE. Limitations of the study Because isolated CAE is rare entity ,the number of cases were limited. our study have a small population. Additionally, it is an important limitation on the part of the study that intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was not conducted in the diagnosis of patients, as IVUS and autopsy can demonstrate atherosclerotic plaques in a wide area of the vessel lumen in patients whose coro-nary angiography is normal Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1.Chandrasekaran B, Dar O, McDonagh T. The role of apelin in cardiovascular function and heart failure. European journal of heart failure 2008;10:725-732 2.Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine. Pharmacology therapeutics 2005;107:198-211 3.Ronkainen VP, Ronkainen JJ, Hanninen SL, et al. Hypoxia inducible factor regulates the cardiac expression and secretion of apelin. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2007;21:1821-1830 4.Hashimoto T, Kihara M, Ishida J, et al. Apelin stimulates myosin light chain phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2006;26:1267-1272 5.Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M. Visfatin and apelin, new adipocytokines, and their relation to endothelial function in patients with chronic renal failure. Advances in medical sciences 2008;53:32-36 6.Farkasfalvi K, Stagg MA, Coppen SR, et al. Direct effects of apelin on cardiomyocyte contractility and electrophysiology. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2007;357:889-895 7.Hartnell GG, Parnell BM, Pridie RB. Coronary artery ectasia. Its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients. British heart journal 1985;54:392-395 8.Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE. Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis 1990;21:28-40 9.Seabra-Gomes R, Somerville J, Ross DN, et al. Congenital coronary artery aneurysms. British heart journal 1974;36:329-335 10.Di Mario C, Zanchetta M, Maiolino P. Coronary aneurysms in a case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Japanese heart journal 1988;29:491-496 11.Cross SJ, Lee HS, Kenmure AC, Jennings KP. Coronary artery ectasia: is it associated with myocardial ischaemia and infarction? Scottish medical journal 1993;38:28-29 12.Befeler B, Aranda MJ, Embi A, et al. Coronary artery aneurysms: study of the etiology, clinical course and effect on left ventricular function and prognosis. The American journal of medicine 1977;62:597-607 13.Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, et al. Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. Journal of neurochemistry 2000;74:34-41 14.Kadoglou NP, Lampropoulos S, Kapelouzou A, et al. Serum levels of apelin and ghrelin in patients with acute coronary syndromes and established coronary artery diseaseKOZANI STUDY. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 2010;155:238-246 15.Li Z, Bai Y, Hu J. Reduced apelin levels in stable angina. Internal medicine 2008;47:1951-1955 16.Rath S, Har-Zahav Y, Battler A, et al. Fate of nonobstructive aneurysmatic coronary artery disease: angiographic and clinical follow-up report. American heart journal 1985;109:785-791 17.Markis JE, Joffe CD, Cohn PF, et al. Clinical significance of coronary arterial ectasia. The American journal of cardiology 1976;37:217-222 18.Calvert JW. Cardioprotective effects of nitrite during exercise. Cardiovascular research 2011;89:499-506 19.Li L, Li L, Xie F, et al. Jagged-1/Notch3 signaling transduction pathway is involved in apelin-13-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 2013;45:875-881 20.Azizi Y, Faghihi M, Imani A, Roghani M, Nazari A. Post-infarct treatment with [Pyr1]-apelin-13 reduces myocardial damage through reduction of oxidative injury and nitric oxide enhancement in the rat model of myocardial infarction. Peptides 2013;46:76-82 21.Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, et al. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regulatory peptides 2001;99:87-92 22.Arif Yalcin A, Faruk Akturk I, Celik O, et al. Coronary Artery Ectasia Is Associated with the c.894G>T (Glu298Asp) Polymorphism of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 2014;232:137-144 23.Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Pawlak K, Wolczynski S, Mysliwiec M. Apelin, a novel adipocytokine, in relation to endothelial function and inflammation in kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation proceedings 2008;40:3466-3469 24.Dagli N, Ozturk U, Karaca I, et al. Adiponectin levels in coronary artery ectasia. Heart and vessels 2009;24:84-89 Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the study population Grup 1 (n=26) Grup 2 (n=28) P value Age (years) 53.6 ±8.1 51.6 ± 8.8 P>0,05 0,38 Male % 19 (%73,1) 18(%64,3) P>0,05 Hypertension % 15 (%58) 12(%43) P>0,05 Diabetes Mellitus % 4 (%15) 6 (%21) p>0,05 BMI (kg/m ²) 28.1 ± 4 26.7  ±4.2 P>0,05 Smoking % 13 (%50) 12 (%46) P> 0,05 Glucose mg/dl 106 ±20 124 ±53 0.1 Creatinine mg/dl 0,86 ±0,2 0,82 ±0,1 0.38 Total cholesterol mg/dl 196 ±47 195 ±37 0.98 LDL mg/dl 128 ±42 113 ±33 0.14 HDL mg/dl 41 ±10 40 ±10 0.92 Triglyseride mg/dl 145 ±77 184 ±115 0.15
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